Anglès:

Quotations

As we have seen, you must always acknowledge or credit the sources you refer to by quoting. However, you can choose how much emphasis to give to the names of the particular authors cited.

Read the following quotations and answer the question below:

As Heritage (1984) points out, this should not lead us to an overmechanical view of conversation:'conversation is not an endless series of interlocking adjacency pairs in which sharply constrained options confront the next speaker'(261).

So AI [Analytic Induction] is the equivalent to ther statistical testing of quantitative associations to see if they are greater than might be expected at random (random error). However: 'in qualitative analysis...there is no random error variance. All exceptions are eliminated by revising hypotheses until all the data fit. The result of this procedure is that statistical tests are actually unnecesary once the negative cases are removed' (Fielding and Fielding: 1986, 89).

Source:

Silverman, D. (1993). Interpreting Qualitative Data. Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. London: Sage Publications: 132 / 161

Which extract places more emphasis on the author and which on the information/idea? How is this achieved?

Including the author's name in a sentence is what some writers refer to as 'integral' citations. The most prominent position is as grammatical subject (as in the first extract above). Alternatively, the second extract is an example of what has been referred as 'non-integral citation

This is a choice each writer continually makes whenever including evidence from sources. This will depend on where and how the evidence fits into what has already been written and what will come after. Both integral and non-integral citation styles seem to be in common use in all academic fields. Notice how journal and text book writers in your discipline use quotations.

Integral citation is commonly used when you quote from or give a detailed summary of a particular work. There is also a tendency to use integral citation when referring to studies closely related to your own work, for example, when you may want to draw attention to the specific contribution of other researchers in your own area of investigation.

Exercise

Identify in the other extracts on the previous pages which contain integral citations and underline the reporting verbs used. Identify the tense of these verbs, and decide why you think it was chosen.

The choice of reporting verb is important; the verb you use should be appropriate to the kind of thing you are reporting. These can range from neutral to interpretive (positive/negative, certain/ uncertain). When you are reading notice how other writers use these verbs when reporting information:

Words that introduce quotes and paraphrases

There are also many phrases that can be used to introduce quotations in writing.

To quote (from) X, "... ..."
It was X who said that "... ..."
This example is given by X: "... ..."
According to X, "... ..."
The opinion of X is that, "... ..."
Recent research by X shows that "... ..."

Further explanations on citing sources can be found in:

Citing sources

How to Reference